Practical aspects of creating a data transmission system for controlling unmanned surface vehicles in unstable communication channels
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2026.1.05Keywords:
adaptive data transfer, unmanned vehicles, handling, maneuvering, navigation safety, communication channels, course control, routing algorithm, delay optimization, loss reduction, data packets, operational efficiency, status monitoring, 5G integration, predictive machine learning modelsAbstract
The study presents the development and verification of an adaptive data transmission system for controlling unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) in unstable communication channels. The work aims to overcome the limitations of existing technologies, which include LTE networks and satellite systems that fail to deliver stable service quality for USV remote control operations. The proposed adaptive routing algorithm evaluates communication channel status through three vital indicators, which include delay, packet loss, and availability. The algorithm selects the best channels according to changing weight parameters. Experimental results confirmed a significant reduction in data transmission delays, stable real-time video streaming with a delay of 1–4 seconds, and a reduction in packet loss to below 2 %. In addition, the system implements the use of modern video coding standards (e.g., H.265) and secure VPN channels, which increase bandwidth efficiency and the level of cybersecurity. The results confirm the practical suitability of the proposed system for USV operation in real marine conditions, as well as its potential for use in critical scenarios that require stable, low-latency communication.
References
“NR Support for UAVs,” 3GPP. 2023. Available: https://www.3gpp.org/ technolo-gies/nr-uav
J. Frnda, M. Voznak, L. Sevcik, “Impact of packet loss and delay variation on the qual-ity of real-time video streaming,” Telecommunication Systems, 62(2), pp. 265–275, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-015-0037-2
L. Sevcik, M. Voznak and J. Frnda, “QoE prediction model for multimedia services in IP network applying queuing policy,” in International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS 2014), Monterey, CA, USA, 2014, pp. 593–598, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ SPECTS.2014.6879998
Farouk Boumehrez, Radhia Brai, Noureddine Doghmane, Khaled Mansouri, “Quality of experience enhancement of high efficiency video coding video streaming in wireless packet networks using multiple description coding,” Journal of Electronic Imaging, 27(1), 013028, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JEI.27.1.013028
M. Taha, A. Canovas, J. Lloret, A. Ali, (2020). A QoE adaptive management system for high definition video streaming over wireless networks. Telecommunication Systems, vol. 77, pp. 63–81, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-020-00741-2
A. Kutins, D. Brodnevs, “Determination of delay parameters in 4G LTE cellular mobile networks,” 2022 Workshop on Microwave Theory and Techniques in Wireless Commu-nications (MTTW), Riga, Latvia, 2022, pp. 62–67. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/MTTW56973.2022.9942617
D. Brodnevs, A. Kutins, “Requirements of end-to-end delays in remote control channel for remotely piloted aerial systems,” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 18–27, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2020.3039853
S.L. Volkov, V.V. Skachkov, V.I. Pavlovich, V.V. Chepkiy, “Information-entropy in-dicator of state quality for parametric systems in multi-criteria evaluation tasks,” in Pro-ceedings of the Conference on Development Trends of Convergent Networks: Post-NGN, 4G and 5G Solutions, pp. 23–27. Kyiv: State University of Telecommunica-tions, 2016.
O. Lemeshko, O. Eremenko, O. Nevzorova, Flow models and routing methods in info-communication networks: Fault tolerance, security, scalability. Kharkiv: Kharkiv Na-tional University of Radioelectronics, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.30837/978-966-659-282-1
“H.264 vs. H.265: Which Should You Use?” Accsoon, 2024. Available: https://accsoon.com/explore/h264-vs-h265-which-should-you-use/
“IP camera streaming guide: How to setup an IP camera,” Ant Media, 2024. Available: https://antmedia.io/ip-camera-streaming-guide-how-to-setup-an-ip-camera/
A.V. Markovsky, G.N. Vlasenko, “Ensuring global internet access: Realities, prospects, and challenges,” in Proceedings of the Conference on Development Trends of Conver-gent Networks: Post-NGN, 4G and 5G Solutions, pp. 30–34. Kyiv: State University of Telecommunications, 2016.
“Legal Terms,” Starlink, 2024. Available: https://www.starlink.com/legal/documents/ DOC-1400-28829-70
M. Uhrina, J. Frnda, L. Sevcik, M. Vaculik, “Impact of H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC compression standards on the video quality for 4K resolution,” Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 12(4), pp. 421–428, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v12i4.1216
L. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, “Mobility based network lifetime in wireless sensor net-works: A review,” Computer Networks, vol. 174, 107236, 2020.
S. Kurdiuk et al., “Development of a high-reliability hybrid data transmission system for unmanned surface vehicles under interference conditions,” Drones, 9(3), 174, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9030174
Y.V. Klymash, O.M. Shpur, M.V. Kaidan, “Complex optimization method for routing information flows in self-organized networks,” Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University, pp. 76–87, 2018. Retrieved from: https:// science.lpnu.ua/sites/ de-fault/files/journal-paper/2018/jun/13512/12.pdf
“Bitrate and its place in video surveillance,” World Vision, 2024. Available: http://worldvision.com.ua/articles/bitreyd-i-ego-mesto-v-videonablyudenii
“IP camera bandwidth calculator: Formula, example & tips,” Reolink, 2024. Available: https://reolink.com/blog/ip-camera-bandwidth-calculation/
D. Korban, O. Melnyk, O. Onishchenko, S. Kurdiuk, V. Shevchenko, T. Obniavko, “Radar-based detection and recognition methodology of autonomous surface vehicles in challenging marine environment,” Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technolo-gy. Series Transport, vol. 122, pp. 111–127, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2024.122.7
M.S. Stetsenko et al., “Polarization-based target detection approach to enhance small surface object identification ensuring navigation safety,” System Research and Infor-mation Technologies, no. 2, pp. 35–51, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.2.03
O. Melnyk et al., “Full overlap ship security model: An integrative approach to ship-board equipment information security,” E3S Web of Conferences, 501, Article 02002, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450102002
Y. Volyanskaya, S. Volyanskiy, O. Onishchenko, S. Nykul, “Analysis of possibilities for improving energy indicators of induction electric motors for propulsion complexes of autonomous floating vehicles,” Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technolo-gies, vol. 2, no. 8 (92), pp. 25–32, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.126144
O. Melnyk, S. Onyshchenko, O. Onishchenko, O. Shcherbina, N. Vasalatii, “Simula-tion-based method for predicting changes in the ship’s seaworthy condition under im-pact of various factors,” Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, vol. 481, pp. 653–664, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35088-7_37
O. Melnyk, M. Malaksiano, “Effectiveness assessment of non-specialized vessel acquisi-tion and operation projects, considering their suitability for oversized cargo transporta-tion,” Transactions on Maritime Science, vol. 9, no.1, pp. 23–34, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v09.n01.002
O. Melnyk et al., “Fundamental concepts of deck cargo handling and transportation safe-ty,” European Transport - Trasporti Europei, issue 98, article 1, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.48295/ET.2024.98.1
L. Shi, N.J. Hernández Marcano, R.H. Jacobsen, “A review on communication protocols for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles for inspection application,” arXiv preprint, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2111.06714
S. Nasrollahi, S.M. Mirrezaei, “Toward UAV-based communication: Improving throughput by optimum trajectory and power allocation,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2022, article no. 9, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-022-02087-6
X. Chen, J. Tang, S. Lao, “Review of unmanned aerial vehicle swarm communication architectures and routing protocols,” Applied Sciences, 10(10), 3661, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103661
T. Ulutaş, O. Avcı, E.C. Akar, B. Köksal, Y. Kalkan, “Simple design and implementa-tion of two-way communication system through UAV,” Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 11, issue 1, pp. 61–70, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1115408
H. Lai et al., “Optimization of full duplex UAV secure communication with the aid of RIS,” Drones, 7(9), 591, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ drones7090591
L. García Rodríguez, L. Castro-Santos, M.I. Lamas Galdo, “Feasibility and limitations of solar energy integration in merchant ships: A case study on fire detection systems,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(5), 991, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050991
S.K. Khorasani, B.S. Ghahfarokhi, N. Movahhedinia, “UAV-assisted small base station ON-OFF switching in 6G cellular networks considering backhaul energy consumption,” Computer Communications, 241, 108253, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2025.108253
G. Kou et al., “Intelligent UAV swarm key agreement survey: Systematic taxonomy, cryptographic automaton and quantum resistance,” Internet of Things, vol. 34, 101720, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2025.101720
S. Aggarwal, I. Budhiraja, S. Garg, G. Kaddoum, B.J. Choi, M.S. Hossain, “A block-chain-based secure path planning in UAVs communication network,” Alexandria Engi-neering Journal, vol. 113, pp. 451–460, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.10.078
S. Zinchenko, V. Kobets, O. Tovstokoryi, P. Nosov, I. Popovych, “Intelligent System Control of the Vessel Executive Devices Redundant Structure,” in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3403, paper 44, 2023. Available: https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3403/ paper44.pdf
V. Kobets, I. Popovych, S. Zinchenko, P. Nosov, O. Tovstokoryi, K. Kyrychenko, “Control of the Pivot Point Position of a Conventional Single-Screw Vessel,” in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3513, paper 11, 2023. Available: https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3513/paper11.pdf
O. Fomin, A. Sulym, I. Kulbovskyi, P. Khozia, V. Ishchenko, “Determining rational parameters of the capacitive energy storage system for the underground railway rolling stock,” Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, vol. 2, no. 1 (92), pp. 63–71, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.126080
A.O. Sulym, O.V. Fomin, P.O. Khozia, A.G. Mastepan, “Theoretical and practical de-termination of parameters of on-board capacitive energy storage of the rolling stock,” Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 5, pp. 79–87, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.29202/nvngu/2018-5/8
O. Melnyk, S. Kuznichenko, O. Onishchenko, “Impact of AIS manipulation on ship-ping safety and strategic countermeasures,” Lex Portus, 10(4), pp. 31–39, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.62821/lp10403
V.V. Yakovenko, N.I. Furmanova, I.M. Flys, O.Y. Malyi, O.Y. Farafonov, H.V. Moroz, “Determination of the generalized optimality criteria for selecting civilian shelter facilities from attacks by ballistic (cruise) missiles and kamikaze drones in urbanized ar-eas,” System Research and Information Technologies, no. 3, pp. 25–43, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.3.02
A.A. Gurskiy, A.V. Denisenko, A.E. Goncharenko, “Expansion of the mathematical apparatus of discrete-continuous networks for the automation of their synthesis proce-dures,” System Research and Information Technologies, no. 2, pp. 93–99. doi: https://doi.org/10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.2.07
S.V. Melnykov, P.M. Malezhyk, A.S. Gasanov, P.I. Bidyuk, “Methodological aspects of operative control system intellectualization for dynamic objects,” System Research and Information Technologies, no. 4, pp. 44–57, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2022.4.04
Y. Koskina, S. Onyshenko, O. Drozhzhyn, O. Melnyk, “Efficiency of tramp fleet oper-ating under the contracts of affreightment,” Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport, vol. 120, pp. 137–149, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2023.120.9
I. Burmaka, I. Vorokhobin, O. Melnyk, O. Burmaka, S. Sagin, “Method of prompt evasive maneuver selection to alter ship’s course or speed,” Transactions on Maritime Science, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.7225/ toms.v11.n01.w01
A. Sotnikov, A. Tanciyra, O. Lavrov, “Calculating method of error calculations of the object coordination by means of conducting platform free inertial navigation systems of an unmanned aerial vehicle,” Advanced Information Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 105–110, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2018.1.20
A. Podorozhniak, Y. Volotskov, O. Shevtsova, “Drone’s Control System Re-search,” Advanced Information Systems, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 97–101, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2018.3.16
D. Voloshyn, V. Brechko, S. Semenov, “Method of an unmanned aerial vehicle compo-sition route in space,” Advanced Information Systems, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 26–33, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2021.4.04
O.M. Melnyk et al., “Enhancing shipboard technical facility performance through the utilization of low-sulfur marine fuel grades,” Journal of Chemistry and Technologies, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 233–245, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.15421/ jchemtech.v32i1.297916
